Are this times of plague?

Authors

  • Jorge Alvar

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7203/eutopias.24.25533

Keywords:

Poverty, pandemics, Anthropocene, health determinants

Abstract

Pandemics have existed since the dawn of humanity as a result of the space that is shared between microorganisms and humans. A series of determinants, such as poverty, ignorance and lack of hygiene favored them then and, today, these circumstances continue to exist in many countries. In the present study, three pandemics are reviewed to exemplify their causes at each time —also the successes— and to be able to reflect on the reasons for the current pandemics. But, in addition, at the present time there are other reasons that favor them, such as overpopulation, environmental aggression and the speed of international travel. The magnitude of these new determinants have led to the change of geological era in the course of a few thousand years, having opened the way to the Anthropocene. Its consequences can be analyzed disease by disease, but for scholars it must be understood as a whole, a paradigm shift in what we understand as health and that will lead to unpredictable consequences if measures are not taken in time.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Jorge Alvar

Jorge Alvar Ezquerra holds a PhD in Medicine and Surgery from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid and a degree in Tropical Medicine from Hamburg University. He directed the National Center for Tropical Medicine at the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, the WHO-NTD Leishmaniasis Program in Geneva and was Associate Professor at the School of Pharmacy of the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM). He is currently director of the Leishmaniasis Program at DNDi in Geneva. In 2021 he was elected as a member of the Real Academia Nacional de Medicina (RANME).

References

Aberth, John. From the brink of the apocalypse: confronting famine, war, plague, and death in the later Middle Ages. New York: Routledge, 2001.

 

Adler, Hugh; Gould, Susan; Haine, Paul et al. «Clinical features and management of human monkeypox: a retrospective observational study in the UK». Lancet Infect Dis. 2022;3099(22):1-10. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(22)00228-6.

 

Alvar Ezquerra, Alfredo et al. La Historia en Tiempos de Pandemia. Madrid: La esfera de los libros, 2022, pp. 11-22.

 

Asayama, Shinichiro; Emori, Seita; Sugiyama, Masahiro et al. «Are we ignoring a black elephant in the Anthropocene? Climate change and global pandemic as the crisis in health and equality». Sustain Sci. 16, 2021, pp. 695–701. doi:10.1007/s11625-020-00879-7.

 

Balmis, Francisco Javer. Tratado histórico y práctico de la vacuna, de J. L. Moreau. 1803. Valencia: Edicions Alfons El Magnànim, 1987.

 

Beer, Ellen M. & Rao, V. Bhargavi. «A systematic review of the epidemiology of human monkeypox outbreaks and implications for outbreak strategy». PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 13(10):e0007791, 2019, pp. 1-20. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007791.  

 

Bingham, Paul; Verlander, N. Q. & Cheal M. J. «John Snow, William Farr and the 1849 outbreak of cholera that affected London: a reworking of the data highlights the importance of the water supply». Public Health 118, 2004, pp. 387-94.

 

Brenner, Ian. «How will the world be different after COVID-19?». Finance & Development, June 2020. https://www.imf.org/Publications/fandd/issues/2020/06/how-will-the-world-be-different-after-COVID-19

 

Brown, Sam P.; West, Stuart A.; Diggle, Stephen P. & Griffin, Ashleigh S. «Social evolution in micro-organisms and a Trojan horse approach to medical intervention strategies». Phil Trans R Soc B, 364, 2009, pp. 3157–3168, doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0055.

 

Brugueras, Silvia; Fernández-Martínez, Beatriz; Martínez-de la Puente, Josué, et al. «Environmental drivers, climate change and emergent diseases transmitted by mosquitoes and their vectors in southern Europe: A systematic review». Environmental Res, 191:110038, 2020.

 

Centers for Diseases Control. 2014–2016 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa. https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/history/2014-2016-outbreak/index.html

 

Fears, J. Rufus. «The plague under Marcus Aurelius and the decline and fall of the Roman Empire». Infect Dis Clin North Am, 18:65/77, 2004.

 

Global Forest Watch, 2020 https://www.wri.org/initiatives/global-forest-watch

 

Hughet G. National Geographic. Historia, 2020. https://historia.nationalgeographic.com.es/a/grandes-pandemias-historia_15178

 

Jones, Kate E.; Patel, Nikkita G.; Levy, Marc A. et al. «Global trends in emerging infectious diseases». Nature, 451(7181), 2008, pp. 990-993.

 

Lindahl, Johanna F. & Delia, Grace. «The consequences of human actions on risks for infectious diseases: a review». Infection Ecology & Epidemiology, 5:1, 2015, doi: 10.3402/iee.v5.30048.

 

López Piñero, José María. Breve historia de la medicina. Madrir: Alianza (2a edic.), 2017.

 

Mahler, Daniel G.; Yonzan, Nishant; Lakner, Christoph; Castañeda-Aguilar, R. Andrés & Wu, Haoyu.  «Estimates of the impact of COVID-19 on global poverty: Turning the corner on the pandemic in 2021?» WorldBank Data Blog. June 24, 2021.

 

Muñoz-Sanz, Agustín. «Marco Aurelio Antonino (121-180 d. C.), filósofo y emperador de Roma, y la peste de Galeno». Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 30(9), 2012, pp. 552–559

 

Petersen, Eskild; Kantele, Anu; Koopmans, Marion et al. «Human Monkeypox». Infect Dis Clin North Am., 33(4), 2019, pp. 1027-1043. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2019.03.001.

 

Pollitzer R. «Plague studies. 1. A summary of the history and survey of the present distribution of the disease». Bull World Health Org., 4, 1951, pp. 475-533.

 

Rockström, Johan; Steffen K., Will et al. «Planetary boundaries: Exploring the safe operating space for humanity». Ecol Soc 14(2): 32, 2009.

 

Sanclemente, Gloria y Correa, Luis Alfonso. «Poxvirus que causan enfermedad en los seres humanos». Rev Asoc Colomb Dermatol. 18, 2010, pp. 67-7.

 

Spyrou, Maria A.; Musralina, Lyazzat, Gnecchi Ruscone, Guido A et al. «The source of the Black Death in fourteenth-century central Eurasia». Nature 606, 718–724 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04800-3.

 

Tuells, José; Duro Torrijos, José Luis; Díaz-Delgado Ignacio. «Anotaciones a la biografía de Ignacio María Ruiz de Luzuriaga (1763–1822), el inicio de la vacunación contra la viruela en España». Vacunas, 13(3), 2012, pp.128-132. doi:10.1016/S1576-9887(12)70052-3.

 

Vásquez-Vera, Hugo; León-Gómez Brenda, Biaani; Borrell, Carme, et al. «Inequities in the distribution of COVID-19: an adaptation of WHO’s conceptual framework». Gac Sanit. 2022; 36(5): 488–492. 

 

Waters, Colin N.; Zalasiewicz, Jan; Summerhayes, Colin et al. «The Anthropocene is functionally and stratigraphically distinct from the Holocene». Science, 351(6269):aad2622, 2016.

 

World Health Assembly, 33 (1980). «Declaration of global eradication of smallpox». https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/155528.

 

World Health Organization. «Multi-country monkeypox outbreak: situation update», 17 June 2022. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON393

 

World Health Organization. «WHO Director-General declared the escalating global monkeypox outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern», 23 July 2022. https://www.who.int/europe/news/item/23-07-2022-who-director-general-declares-the-ongoing-monkeypox-outbreak-a-public-health-event-of-international-concern

 

World Health Organization. «2022 Mpox (Monkeypox) Outbreak: Global Trends», 23 December 2022. https://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/mpx_global/ 

 

Zietz, Björn P. & Dunkelberg, Hartmut. «The history of the plague and the research on the causative agent Yersinia pestis». Int J Hyg Environm Health, 207, 2004, pp.165-178.

Published

2022-12-30

How to Cite

Alvar, J. (2022). Are this times of plague?. EU-topías. A Journal on Interculturality, Communication, and European Studies, 24, 107–116. https://doi.org/10.7203/eutopias.24.25533
Metrics
Views/Downloads
  • Abstract
    173
  • PDF (Español)
    115

Issue

Section

DOSSIER

Metrics

Similar Articles

You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.